why internet Connection speed is low ?

first your connection speed may be lower than what is advertised by your internet connection provider.due to several reasons.

• Shared Bandwidth : peak hours subscribers will have a much lower bandwidth allocated
• Bandwidth allocation between several machines our users on the same connection .
• application and processes on your computer can continually using up bandwidth  .

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line is a method of sending large amounts of information over the wires that already exist for the pots.
Its main advantages over POTS is that it is much faster than analog modems, and it provides a permanent connection.

It allow you to make and receive regular telephone calls while you are connected to the internet.
Its main disadvantages is that its availability is limited by your proximity to the telephone company’s switching equipment.

DSL

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IRC(Internet Relay Chat)

Imagine you Can chat with Your Friend on Facebook.That’s it . Internet Relay Chat is where the unregulated nature of the internet is most clearly Expressed.

You All Are Familiar with The chat Rooms used by certain online Services.IRC is just like a chat room.

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Scripting Languages

Secure Computer: Scripting Languages

Many scripting languages have been used to develop applications that allow businesses to bring their products or services to the web. This is Great but it also creates a new avenue of attack for hackers.

The majority of web application vulnerabilities come not from bugs int he chosen language but in the methods and procedures used to develop the web application as well as hot the web server was configured.

suppose " if a form requests a zip code and the user enters "ABCDE" ,the application may fail if the developer did not properly validate incoming form data. several languages can be used for creating web applications, including CGI's, PHP and ASP.

• CGI( Common Gateway Interface) : A standard way for a web server to pass a web user's request to an application program and to receive data back to forward to the user. CGI is part of the web's hypertext transfer protocol(HTTP). The most popular CGI application are : C,C++,JAVA and PERL.

• PHP : PHP is an open source server side scripting language where the script is embedded within a  web page along with its HTML> before page is sent to a user, the web server calls PHP to interpret and perform any operations called for in the PHP script. whereas HTML displays static content, PHP allows the developer to build pages that present the user with dynamic, customized content based on user input. File name with the suffix "PHP".

• ASP(Active Server Pages) : Web pages that have an .asp active server pages (ASP), are database drive dynamically created web page with a .ASP extension. They utilize ActiveX scripting usually VB Script or Jscript code. When browser requests an ASP, The web server generates a page with HTML code and immediately sends it back to the browser in this way they allow web users to view real time data, but they are more vulnerable to security problems.

Honeypots

A Honeypot is a computer system,network,or virtual machine that serves no other purpose than to lure in hackers.


In a honeypot, there are no authorized users, no real data is stored in the system, no real work is Performed on it, so every access, every attempt to use it, can be identified as unauthorized. Instead of sifting through logs to identify intrusions, the system administrator knows  that every access is an intrusion, so a large part of the work is already done.

Use Of Netstat

Use Of Netstat
  (To OPEN Netstat) - To open [Netstat] you must do the following: Click on the

Net stat

  [Start] button-->Then click [Programs]--> Then look for [Ms-Dos Prompt].

Netstat is a very helpful tool that has many uses. I personally use Netstat

to get IP addresses from other users I'm talking with on ICQ or AIM.  Also

you can use Netstat go moniter your port activity for attackers sending syn

requests (part of the TCP/IP 3 way handshake) or just to see what ports are

listening/Established. Look at the example below for the average layout of

a response to typing Netstat at the

Net Stat Commnd

C:\windows\ prompt.



C:\WINDOWS>netstat



Active Connections



  Proto  Local Address          Foreign Address        State

  TCP    pavilion:25872         WARLOCK:1045           ESTABLISHED

  TCP    pavilion:25872         sy-as-09-112.free.net.au:3925  ESTABLISHED

  TCP    pavilion:31580         WARLOCK:1046           ESTABLISHED

  TCP    pavilion:2980          205.188.2.9:5190       ESTABLISHED

  TCP    pavilion:3039          24.66.10.101.on.wave.home.com:1031  ESTABLISHED



Now look above at the example. You will see [Proto] on the top left. This just

tells you if the protocol is TCP/UDP etc. Next to the right you will see

[Local Address] this just tells you the local IP/Host name:Port open.  Then to the

right once again you will see [Foreign Address] this will give you the persons

IP/Host name and port in the format of IP:Port with ":" in between the port and IP.

And at last you will see [State] Which simply states the STATE of the connection.

This can be Established if it is connected or waiting connect if its listening.

Now with this knowledge we will dive into deeper on how to use this for monitering

and port activity and detecting open ports in use.



Detecting Open ports


Now so you are noticing something funny is going on with your computer? Your cd-rom

tray is going crazy...Opening and closing when your doing nothing. And you say What the

phruck is going on..or you realize someones been messing with a Trojan on your computer.

So now your goal is to locate what trojan it is so you can remove it right? Well your right.

So you goto your ms-dos prompt. Now there are many ways to use Netstat and below is a help

menu. Look through it.



C:\WINDOWS>netstat ?



Displays protocol statistics and current TCP/IP network connections.



NETSTAT [-a] [-e] [-n] [-s] [-p proto] [-r] [interval]



  -a            Displays all connections and listening ports.

  -e            Displays Ethernet statistics. This may be combined with the -s

                option.

  -n            Displays addresses and port numbers in numerical form.

  -p proto      Shows connections for the protocol specified by proto; proto

                may be TCP or UDP.  If used with the -s option to display

                per-protocol statistics, proto may be TCP, UDP, or IP.

  -r            Displays the routing table.

  -s            Displays per-protocol statistics.  By default, statistics are

                shown for TCP, UDP and IP; the -p option may be used to specify

                a subset of the default.

  interval      Redisplays selected statistics, pausing interval seconds

                between each display.  Press CTRL+C to stop redisplaying

                statistics.  If omitted, netstat will print the current

                configuration information once.



I personally like using (C:\Windows\Netstat -an) Which Displays all connections and

listening ports in the form of IP instead of Hostname.  As you see how i did the command

Netstat(space)-a(Displays all connections and listening ports.)n(in numerical form)

Netstat -an  -So doing that does TWO of the options at once no need for -a-n.  So

now that you know how to use netstat to view all your connections and listening you

can search for common ports like 12345(old Netbus Trojan),1243(subseven) etc.  This

Becomes very handy for everything you will soon find out. Take a break now and go chill

out on your couch and relax for about 5 minutes and let all this soak in then come back

ready to learn more. :)




SYN and ACK
When you here Syn and Ack(ACKnowledge) you do not think of the communication of packets on

your system. Well let me tell you what SYN and ACK do.

    [SYN] - SYN in common words is a request for a connection used in the 3-way handshake

in TCP/IP. Once you send a SYN out for a connection, the target computer will reply with a SYN and ACK. So basically when you see in [State] catagory Syn that means you are sending

out a request to connect to something.

    [ACK] - Now the ACK is a ACKnowledgement to the request made by a computer that is

trying to connect to you. Once a Syn is sent to you you need to ACK it, then Send back another syn to the computer requesting connection to confirm the packet sent was correct.

I sure hope that helped you understand a little more about SYN and ACK. If you have further

questions try looking for texts on TCP/IP (such as BSRF's TCP/IP text - blacksun.box.sk/tcpip.txt). Now onto the fun stuff.




Using Netstat it for ICQ and AIM


Have you ever wanted to get someones IP address or hostname using [Aol Instant Messanger]

or [ICQ]? Well your in Luck.

    [AIM] - With AIM you can not ussually find the exact IP address without some trial and error because most of the time it seems to open up all online users on Port

5190. So Less users online easier it is. So goto Ms-Dos Prompt and type netstat -n here you will see under [Foreign Addresses] a IP:With port 5190. Now one of those IP's connected

to you with 5190 is going to be your target aim user. Just use trial and error to find out

is ussually the easiest way.

    [ICQ] - To get a IP using netstat of a ICQ user is easy before talking to the person on ICQ you must open ms-dos prompt and do netstat -n to list all IP's and ports.Write them

down or copy them somewhere you will remember to look back. Now it's time to find out his

IP. Message the user witha  single message now quickly do Nestat -n. And you will have a new added line of a IP address, just search for the new one on the list under foreign and once you find it you now have your buddys ip without any patches or hacks. Pure skill :P.

Mail Transfer Protocol(SMTP)

SMTP Config

The objective of Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is to transfer
mail reliably and efficiently.

SMTP is independent of the particular transmission subsystem and
requires only a reliable ordered data stream channel. Appendices A,
B, C, and D describe the use of SMTP with various transport services.
A Glossary provides the definitions of terms as used in this
document.server Rack

An important feature of SMTP is its capability to relay mail across
transport service environments. A transport service provides an
interprocess communication environment (IPCE). An IPCE may cover one
network, several networks, or a subset of a network. 

 

It is important to realize that transport systems (or IPCEs) are not one-to-one with
networks. A process can communicate directly with another process 

SMTP Server

through any mutually known IPCE. Mail is an application or use of
interprocess communication. Mail can be communicated between
processes in different IPCEs by relaying through a process connected
to two (or more) IPCEs. More specifically, mail can be relayed
between hosts on different transport systems by a host on both
transport systems.
Install Xp From Dos 
FTP Server 
Network Configuration 
TCP / IP 

A Proxy Server?

How/What is a Proxy Server?

A proxy server is a kind of buffer between your computer and the Internet resources you are accessing. The data you request come to the proxy first, and only then it transmits the data to you. I know many are looking for IP Maskers or Scramblers, but honestly, it aint real easy for the simple fact that any website that you visit needs your IP to send the info packets too. If its scrambled, you will get alot of errors and crazy redirects :P My solution? Read on........... for a good list of Proxy servers try here>>Multiproxy

HTTP and The Web (Internet)
Anonymity of Proxy Server

Deep Proxy View

Annonymity Of Proxy 2

Find a Music

Exploseek, a simple tool to find music on the net

Why should I use Exploseek ?

Exploseek is a nice simple tool to find music on the net. It is possible to use the major search engines to type your queries, but if you use this tool it will be much easier as some of you have probably seen already. We always try to improve the queries, if possible, and will update it at random times. Further you don't need to install a peer-to-peer program with possible spyware and other security issues, the price to pay is that you will not always find as much as such a program, but on a lucky day you find a load of music.

Go and Find Music Exploseek

Great Google Secrets(GGS)

Google is clearly the best general-purpose search engine on the Web (see

Some Links are removed

But most people don't use it to its best advantage. Do you just plug in a keyword or two and hope for the best? That may be the quickest way to search, but with more than 3 billion pages in Google's index, it's still a struggle to pare results to a manageable number.

But Google is an remarkably powerful tool that can ease and enhance your Internet exploration. Google's search options go beyond simple keywords, the Web, and even its own programmers. Let's look at some of Google's lesser-known options.

Syntax Search Tricks

Using a special syntax is a way to tell Google that you want to restrict your searches to certain elements or characteristics of Web pages. Google has a fairly complete list of its syntax elements at

Google Help

. Here are some advanced operators that can help narrow down your search results.

Intitle: at the beginning of a query word or phrase (intitle:"Three Blind Mice") restricts your search results to just the titles of Web pages.

Intext: does the opposite of intitle:, searching only the body text, ignoring titles, links, and so forth. Intext: is perfect when what you're searching for might commonly appear in URLs. If you're looking for the term HTML, for example, and you don't want to get results such as


, you can enter intext:html.

Link: lets you see which pages are linking to your Web page or to another page you're interested in. For example, try typing in




Try using site: (which restricts results to top-level domains) with intitle: to find certain types of pages. For example, get scholarly pages about Mark Twain by searching for intitle:"Mark Twain"site:edu. Experiment with mixing various elements; you'll develop several strategies for finding the stuff you want more effectively. The site: command is very helpful as an alternative to the mediocre search engines built into many sites.

Swiss Army Google

Google has a number of services that can help you accomplish tasks you may never have thought to use Google for. For example, the new calculator feature

(www.google.com/help/features.html#calculator)

lets you do both math and a variety of conversions from the search box. For extra fun, try the query "Answer to life the universe and everything."

Let Google help you figure out whether you've got the right spelling—and the right word—for your search. Enter a misspelled word or phrase into the query box (try "thre blund mise") and Google may suggest a proper spelling. This doesn't always succeed; it works best when the word you're searching for can be found in a dictionary. Once you search for a properly spelled word, look at the results page, which repeats your query. (If you're searching for "three blind mice," underneath the search window will appear a statement such as Searched the web for "three blind mice.") You'll discover that you can click on each word in your search phrase and get a definition from a dictionary.

Suppose you want to contact someone and don't have his phone number handy. Google can help you with that, too. Just enter a name, city, and state. (The city is optional, but you must enter a state.) If a phone number matches the listing, you'll see it at the top of the search results along with a map link to the address. If you'd rather restrict your results, use rphonebook: for residential listings or bphonebook: for business listings. If you'd rather use a search form for business phone listings, try Yellow Search

(www.buzztoolbox.com/google/yellowsearch.shtml).




Extended Googling

Google offers several services that give you a head start in focusing your search. Google Groups

(http://groups.google.com)

indexes literally millions of messages from decades of discussion on Usenet. Google even helps you with your shopping via two tools: Froogle
CODE
(http://froogle.google.com),

which indexes products from online stores, and Google Catalogs
CODE
(http://catalogs.google.com),

which features products from more 6,000 paper catalogs in a searchable index. And this only scratches the surface. You can get a complete list of Google's tools and services at

www.google.com/options/index.html

You're probably used to using Google in your browser. But have you ever thought of using Google outside your browser?

Google Alert

(www.googlealert.com)

monitors your search terms and e-mails you information about new additions to Google's Web index. (Google Alert is not affiliated with Google; it uses Google's Web services API to perform its searches.) If you're more interested in news stories than general Web content, check out the beta version of Google News Alerts

(www.google.com/newsalerts).

This service (which is affiliated with Google) will monitor up to 50 news queries per e-mail address and send you information about news stories that match your query. (Hint: Use the intitle: and source: syntax elements with Google News to limit the number of alerts you get.)

Google on the telephone? Yup. This service is brought to you by the folks at Google Labs

(http://labs.google.com),

a place for experimental Google ideas and features (which may come and go, so what's there at this writing might not be there when you decide to check it out). With Google Voice Search

(http://labs1.google.com/gvs.html),

you dial the Voice Search phone number, speak your keywords, and then click on the indicated link. Every time you say a new search term, the results page will refresh with your new query (you must have JavaScript enabled for this to work). Remember, this service is still in an experimental phase, so don't expect 100 percent success.

In 2002, Google released the Google API (application programming interface), a way for programmers to access Google's search engine results without violating the Google Terms of Service. A lot of people have created useful (and occasionally not-so-useful but interesting) applications not available from Google itself, such as Google Alert. For many applications, you'll need an API key, which is available free from
CODE
www.google.com/apis

. See the figures for two more examples, and visit

www.pcmag.com/solutions

for more.

Thanks to its many different search properties, Google goes far beyond a regular search engine. Give the tricks in this article a try. You'll be amazed at how many different ways Google can improve your Internet searching.


Online Extra: More Google Tips


Here are a few more clever ways to tweak your Google searches.

Search Within a Timeframe

Daterange: (start date–end date). You can restrict your searches to pages that were indexed within a certain time period. Daterange: searches by when Google indexed a page, not when the page itself was created. This operator can help you ensure that results will have fresh content (by using recent dates), or you can use it to avoid a topic's current-news blizzard and concentrate only on older results. Daterange: is actually more useful if you go elsewhere to take advantage of it, because daterange: requires Julian dates, not standard Gregorian dates. You can find converters on the Web (such as

CODE
http://aa.usno.navy.mil/data/docs/JulianDate.html

excl.gif No Active Links, Read the Rules - Edit by Ninja excl.gif


), but an easier way is to do a Google daterange: search by filling in a form at

www.researchbuzz.com/toolbox/goofresh.shtml or www.faganfinder.com/engines/google.shtml

. If one special syntax element is good, two must be better, right? Sometimes. Though some operators can't be mixed (you can't use the link: operator with anything else) many can be, quickly narrowing your results to a less overwhelming number.

More Google API Applications

Staggernation.com offers three tools based on the Google API. The Google API Web Search by Host (GAWSH) lists the Web hosts of the results for a given query

(www.staggernation.com/gawsh/).

When you click on the triangle next to each host, you get a list of results for that host. The Google API Relation Browsing Outliner (GARBO) is a little more complicated: You enter a URL and choose whether you want pages that related to the URL or linked to the URL

(www.staggernation.com/garbo/).

Click on the triangle next to an URL to get a list of pages linked or related to that particular URL. CapeMail is an e-mail search application that allows you to send an e-mail to google@capeclear.com with the text of your query in the subject line and get the first ten results for that query back. Maybe it's not something you'd do every day, but if your cell phone does e-mail and doesn't do Web browsing, this is a very handy address to know.

Online Safety Tips

• Never Reveal Personally identifiable information online.
• Never share your password with other people (except your parents).
• Never arrange meeting with strangers.
• Don’t believe everything you read or see online.
• Don’t download files or software without your parent’s permission.
• Don’t respond to inappropriate messages or emails.
• Don’t post inappropriate content.

                If you post information about tennis,you will attract people who are interested in tennis. If you post inappropriate content or picture, you will attract people who have inappropriate interest.s if you post jokes, photos or other content that conation sexual references you will probably attract people who are only interested in talking about sex. Be mindful of what you are communicating to the rest of the online world through the content you put onto the internet.

• Be Leery of personal questions from strangers.

              Don’t continue communicating with strangers who ask you personal questions.

• Don’t bullied into fights.

           People tend to say things online that they would never say in person.some people even say rude and malicious things, sometimes just to see if you will respond.Don’t respond to these people.

• Don’t use adult sites.
• Understand what you put online will be there forever.

                    Assume that everything you put online every email you write, every picture you post ,every blog or journal entry you post will be accessible on the internet FOREVER.many search engine copy internet page and save them for viewing even after the pages are no longer online.

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CBC Links | SEO Link Submission

COMMON FTP ERROR CODES

 
Description
110 Restart marker reply. In this case, the text is exact and not left to the particular implementation; it must read: MARK  where  is User-process data stream marker, and server's equivalent marker.
120 Service ready in 
minutes.
125 Data connection already open; transfer starting.
150 File status okay; about to open data connection.
200 Command okay.
202 Command not implemented, superfluous at this site.
211 System status, or system help reply.
212 Directory status.
213 File status.
214 Help message.On how to use the server or the meaning of a particular non-standard command. This reply is useful only to the human user.
215 NAME system type. Where NAME is an official system name from the list in the Assigned Numbers document.
220 Service ready for new user.
221 Service closing control connection.
225 Data connection open; no transfer in progress.
226 Closing data connection. Requested file action successful (for example, file transfer or file abort).
227 Entering Passive Mode (h1,h2,h3,h4,p1,p2).
230 User logged in, proceed. Logged out if appropriate.
250 Requested file action okay, completed.
257 "PATHNAME" created.
331 User name okay, need password.
332 Need account for login.
350 Requested file action pending further information
421 Service not available, closing control connection.This may be a reply to any command if the service knows it must shut down.
425 Can't open data connection.
426 Connection closed; transfer aborted.
450 Requested file action not taken.
451 Requested action aborted. Local error in processing.
452 Requested action not taken. Insufficient storage space in system.File unavailable (e.g., file busy).
500 Syntax error, command unrecognized. This may include errors such as command line too long.
501 Syntax error in parameters or arguments.
502 Command not implemented.
503 Bad sequence of commands.
504 Command not implemented for that parameter.
530 Not logged in.
532 Need account for storing files.
550 Requested action not taken. File unavailable (e.g., file not found, no access).
551 Requested action aborted. Page type unknown.
552 Requested file action aborted. Exceeded storage allocation (for current directory or dataset).
553 Requested action not taken. File name not allowed.

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Secure Computer: How burn bin file 2

Ethical Hacking

Being a hacker does not mean being a delinquent.Nowadays,companies are hiring services from “ethical Hackers “ to detect vulnerabilities of their computer science system and therefore,improve their defense measures.
Ethical Hackers,with their knowledge,help to define the parameters of defense.They do “controlled” attacks,previously authorized by the organization, to verify the system’s defenses.they create groups to learn new attack techniques,exploitations and vulnerabilities, among others,They work as researchers for the security field.

Technorati Tags: Hacking,Ethical Hacking,Internet,Security,Intenet access,OSSTMM

Attack is the secret of defense;defense is the planning of attack  by Sun Tzu
Ethical hacking is divided in several Phases :

• Attack Planning
• Internet Access
• Test and Execution of an attack
• Gathering information
• Analysis
• Assessment and Diagnosis
• Final Report.

Ethical Hackers use the OSSTMM methodology(open source security testing methodology manual).This methodology is for the testing of any security system,from guards and doors to mobile and satellite communications and satellites.
TCP/IP model
Topologies
HTTP and The Web (Internet)

TCP/IP model

TCP/IP was developed by the DoD (Department of Defense) of the United States and DARPA
(Defense Advanced Research Project Agency) in the 1970s. TCP/IP was designed to be an
open standard that anyone could use to connect computers together and exchange
information between them. Ultimately, it became the basis for the Internet

 

Layers :
 The TCP/IP model defines four totally independent layers into which it divides the process of
communication between two devices. The layers through which it passes information
between two devices are

 Application :
The application layer is the layer nearest the end user. This is the layer that is in charge of
translating data from applications into information that can be sent through the network.
The basic functions of this layer are:

  - Representation.
  - Codification.
  - Dialog Control.
  - Application Management.

Transport :

The transport layer establishes, maintains and finishes virtual circuits for information transfer. It
provides control mechanisms for data flow and allows broadcasting, and it provides
mechanisms for the detection and correction of errors. The information that arrives at this
layer from the application layer is divided into different segments. Information that comes to
the transport layer from the internet layer is delivered back to the application layer through
ports.
The basic functions of this layer are:
  - Reliability.
  - Flow Control.
  - Error Correction.
  - Broadcasting.

Internet: 

This layer divides the segments of the transport layer into packets and sends the packets
across the networks that make up the Internet. It uses IP, or internet protocol addresses to
determine the location of the recipient device. It does not ensure reliability in the
connections, because this is already taken care of by the transport layer, but it is responsible
for selecting the best route between the originating device and the recipient device.

Network Access :

This layer is in charge of sending information at both the LAN level and the physical level. It
transforms all the information that arrives from the superior layers into basic information (bits)
and directs it to the proper location. At this level, the destination of the information is
determined by the MAC, or media access control, address of the recipient device.
 

HTTP and The Web (Internet)

When you say, 'the Internet,' what comes to mind for most people is, in fact, the World Wide
Web. The World Wide Web, or just the Web, is not the Internet. Instead, it is a method of using
the Internet to exchange information between computers. The Web uses http or hypertext
transfer protocol and services known as web browsers and web servers to allow information in
the form of web pages to be exchanged between local and remote computers.
On the local side, what you see is the web browser. Information from the remote computer is
sent to your local computer using the http protocol. The web browser interprets that
information and displays it on your local computer in the form of web pages.
The hypertext part of the http protocol refers to a non-linear method of presenting
information. Text is normally read in a linear fashion: word 2 follows word 1; sentence 3 follows
sentence 2; paragraph 5 follows paragraph 4. The idea of hypertext allows information to be
viewed in a non-linear way. This is the major difference between hypertext and the older,
plain text methods of displaying information.
With hypertext, words and ideas can connect, not only with the words that directly surround
them, but also with other words, ideas or images. Hypertext is not restricted to the Web. Most
full-featured word processors will allow you to create locally stored pages in web or http
format. These pages are read using your web browser and act as would any other web page,
only they are stored on your local computer, not a remote computer
On your local Http and The Web Http and The Web computer, you use a client program called a web browser. Contrary to what
you might have been lead to believe, there are actually a number of web browsers available
for both Windows and Linux. These include Microsoft's Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator,
and the Mozilla Firefox browsers.

HTTP

You can also create your own web page. The easiest way to do this is to use one of the
common word processors, such as Open Office, Microsoft Word, or WordPerfect. These
programs will allow you to produce simple web pages, combining text, hypertext and images
Plenty of people have made useful, clever and innovative web pages using these simple
tools.
But these pages aren't flashy. Flashy means frames and scripts and animations. It also means
spending lots of money on a fancy web page design program. These programs allow you to
create many interesting effects on your web page, but they are more complex to use than
the word processors that you are probably already familiar with.
Once you have the pages designed, you'll need a computer to put them on, so that other
people can view them. This is called web hosting.
The hosting computer will be running a web server. It is possible to run one of these servers
from your own home, using your own computer, but there are several drawbacks, the primary
one of these being persistence. Information stored on a web server is only available when
that server is powered up, operating properly and has an open connection. So, if you want to
run a web server from your own bedroom, you have to leave your computer on all the time;
you have to make sure that the web server program is operating properly all the time (this
includes troubleshooting hardware problems, controlling viruses, worms and other attacks,
and dealing with the inevitable bugs and flaws within the program itself), and you have to
keep a connection to the Internet open. This is why most people pay someone else to do all
this.

HTTP Clint Machine

A web hosting company will store your web page on their computer. A perfect web hosting
company will have multiple, redundant servers and a regular backup policy, so that your
service is not lost because of hardware problems, a support staff to keep the server running
despite hacker attacks and program bugs, and a number of open connections to the
Internet, so that all your have to do is design your web page, upload it to the hosting
company's server, hang up the phone, turn off the computer, and go to sleep, and your web
page will be available to the entire world.
It's also possible to find organizations that offer free web hosting. Some of these organizations
are funded by paid advertising, which means that anyone who wants to view your web page
will first have to view someone else's advertisement. But they don't have to buy anything, and
you don't have to pay anything.

Internet Fact

Internet Fact

  An Internet user has access to a wide variety of services like ,Electronic mail,file transfer etc. No one know exactly how many computers are connected to the Internet. It is certain,however, that these number in the millions. No one is in the charge of the Internet. There are organizations which develop technical aspects of this network and set standards for creating application on it, but no governing body is in control. The Internet backbone, through which Internet traffic flows is owned by private companies.

  All computers on the Internet communicate with one another using the Transmission control Protocol/Internet Protocol suite,abbreviated to TCP/IP. Computers on the Internet use a Client/server architecture. This means that the remote server machine provides files and services to the user's local client machine. The Internet consists primarily of a variety of access protocols. Many of these protocols feature programs that allow users to search for and retrieve material made available by the protocol.

Here The Components Of The Internet

• The World Wide Web (abbreviated as the WEB or WWW) is a system of Internet severs that supports hypertext to access several Internet protocols on a single interface. Almost every protocol type available on the Internet is accessible on the web like (e-mail,FTP,telnet,Usenet news etc).
• The world wide web has its own protocol Ex : Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, or HTTP. The world wide web provides a single interface for accessing all these protocols. The web is the fastest -growing components of the Internet.
• The operation of the web relies primarily on hypertext as its means of information retrieval. HyperText is a document containing words that connect to other documents. These words are called links and are selectable by the user. A single hypertext document can contain links to many documents. In the context of the web,words or graphics may serve as links to other documents,images, video, and sound. links may or may not follow a logical path, as each connection is programmed by the creator of the source document.
• Producing hypertext for the web is accomplished by creating documents with a language called HyperText Markup language,or HTML. With HTML,tags are placed within the text to accomplish formatting,visual features such as font size, italic and bold, and the creation of hypertext link.
• The world wide web consists of files called pager of home pages, containing links to documents and resources throughout the internet.
• The web provides a vast array of experiences including multimedia presentations,real time collaboration,interactive pages, radio and television broadcasts, and the automatic “push” of information to a client computer.
• Programming languages such as Java,JavaScript,Visual Basic,Cold Fusion And XML are extending the capabilities of the web. A growing amount of information on the web is sever dynamically form content stored in database. The web is therefore not a fixed entity. But one that is in a constant state of development and flux.

• E-MAIL
• Electronic mail, or e-mail, allows computer users locally and worldwide to exchange messages. Each user of e-mail has a mailbox address to which messages are sent. Messages sent through e-mail can arrive within a matter of seconds.
• A powerful aspect of e-mail is the option to send electronic files to a person's e-mail address. Non-ASCII files, known as binary files, may be attached to e-mail messages. These files are referred to as MIME attachments.MIME stands for Multimedia Internet Mail Extension, and was developed to help e-mail software handle a variety of file types. For example, a document created in Microsoft Word can be attached to an e-mail message and retrieved by the recipient with the appropriate e-mail program. Many e-mail programs, including Eudora, Netscape Messenger, and Microsoft Outlook, offer the ability to read files written in HTML, which is itself a MIME type.
• TELNET
• Telnet is a program that allows you to log into computers on the Internet and use online databases, library catalogs, chat services, and more. There are no graphics in Telnet sessions, just text. To Telnet to a computer, you must know its address. This can consist of words (LOCIS.LOC.GOV) or numbers (140.147.254.3). Some services require you to connect to a specific port on the remote computer. In this case, type the port number after the Internet address. Example: telnet nri.reston.va.us 185.
• Telnet is available on the World Wide Web. Probably the most common Web-based resources available through Telnet have been library catalogs, though most catalogs have since migrated to the Web. A link to a Telnet resource may look like any other link, but it will launch a Telnet session to make the connection. A Telnet program must be installed on your local computer and configured to your Web browser in order to work.
• With the increasing popularity of the Web, Telnet has become less frequently used as a means of access to information on the Internet.
• FTP
• FTP stands for File Transfer Protocol. This is both a program and the method used to transfer files between computers. Anonymous FTP is an option that allows users to transfer files from thousands of host computers on the Internet to their personal computer account. FTP sites contain books, articles, software, games, images, sounds, multimedia, course work, data sets, and more.
• If your computer is directly connected to the Internet via an Ethernet cable, you can use one of several PC software programs, such as WS_FTP for Windows, to conduct a file transfer.
• FTP transfers can be performed on the World Wide Web without the need for special software. In this case, the Web browser will suffice. Whenever you download software from a Web site to your local machine, you are using FTP. You can also retrieve FTP files via search engines such as Ftp Find, located at /HTTP://WWW.FTPFIND.COM/. This option is easiest because you do not need to know FTP program commands.
• E-MAIL DISCUSSION GROUPS
• One of the benefits of the Internet is the opportunity it offers to people worldwide to communicate via e-mail. The Internet is home to a large community of individuals who carry out active discussions organized around topic-oriented forums distributed by e-mail. These are administered by software programs. Probably the most common program is the listserv.
• A great variety of topics are covered by listservs, many of them academic in nature. When you subscribe to a listserv, messages from other subscribers are automatically sent to your electronic mailbox. You subscribe to a listserv by sending an e-mail message to a computer program called a listserver. Listservers are located on computer networks throughout the world. This program handles subscription information and distributes messages to and from subscribers. You must have a e-mail account to participate in a listserv discussion group. Visit Tile.net at /HTTP://TILE.NET/ to see an example of a site that offers a searchablecollection of e-mail discussion groups.
• Majordomo and Listproc are two other programs that administer e-mail discussion groups. The commands for subscribing to and managing your list memberships are similar to those of listserv.
• USENET NEWS
• Usenet News is a global electronic bulletin board system in which millions of computer users exchange information on a vast range of topics. The major difference between Usenet News and e-mail discussion groups is the fact that Usenet messages are stored on central computers, and users must connect to these computers to read or download the messages posted to these groups. This is distinct from e-mail distribution, in which messages arrive in the electronic mailboxes of each list member.
• Usenet itself is a set of machines that exchanges messages, or articles, from Usenet discussion forums, called newsgroups. Usenet administrators control their own sites, and decide which (if any) newsgroups to sponsor and which remote newsgroups to allow into the system.
• There are thousands of Usenet newsgroups in existence. While many are academic in nature, numerous newsgroups are organized around recreational topics. Much serious computer-related work takes place in Usenet discussions. A small number of e-mail discussion groups also exist as Usenet newsgroups.
• The Usenet news feed can be read by a variety of newsreader software programs. For example, the Netscape suite comes with a newsreader program called Messenger. Newsreaders are also available as standalone products.
• FAQ, RFC, FYI
• FAQ stands for Frequently Asked Questions. These are periodic postings to Usenet newsgroups that contain a wealth of information related to the topic of the newsgroup. Many FAQs are quite extensive. FAQs are available by subscribing to individual Usenet newsgroups. A Web-based collection of FAQ resources has been collected by The Internet FAQ Consortium and is available at HTTP://WWW.FAQS.ORG/.
• RFC stands for Request for Comments. These are documents created by and distributed to the Internet community to help define the nuts and bolts of the Internet. They contain both technical specifications and general information.
• FYI stands for For Your Information. These notes are a subset of RFCs and contain information of interest to new Internet users.
• Links to indexes of all three of these information resources are available on the University Libraries Web site at /http://library.albany.edu/reference/faqs.html.
• CHAT & INSTANT MESSENGING
• Chat programs allow users on the Internet to communicate with each other by typing in real time. They are sometimes included as a feature of a Web site, where users can log into the "chat room" to exchange comments and information about the topics addressed on the site. Chat may take other, more wide-ranging forms. For example, America Online is well known for sponsoring a number of topical chat rooms.
• Internet Relay Chat (IRC) is a service through which participants can communicate to each other on hundreds of channels. These channels are usually based on specific topics. While many topics are frivolous, substantive conversations are also taking place. To access IRC, you must use an IRC software program.
• A variation of chat is the phenomenon of instant messenging. With instant messenging, a user on the Web can contact another user currently logged in and type a conversation. Most famous is America Online's Instant Messenger. ICQ, MSN and Yahoo are other commonly-used chat programs.

• Other types of real-time communication are addressed in the tutorial Understanding the World Wide Web.
• MUD/MUSH/MOO/MUCK/DUM/MUSE
• MUD stands for Multi User Dimension. MUDs, and their variations listed above, are multi-user virtual reality games based on simulated worlds. Traditionally text based, graphical MUDs now exist. There are MUDs of all kinds on the Internet, and many can be joined free of charge. For more information, read one of the FAQs devoted to MUDs available at the FAQ site at